Ultra-processed foods: your time is up

11th April 2022 | Kim Anastasiou, Mark Lawrence, Michalis Hadjikakou & Phillip Baker

Deakin University experts explore how ultra-processed foods are trashing our health… and the planet. Here’s how to spot them, and why Australia’s diet is in dire need of a tune-up.

Our world is facing a huge challenge: we need to create enough high-quality, diverse and nutritious food to feed a growing population, and do so within the boundaries of the planet. This means significantly reducing the environmental impact of the global food system.

There are more than 7000 edible plant species that could be consumed for food. But today, 90 percent of global energy intake comes from 15 crop species. More than half of the world’s population relies on just three cereal crops: rice, wheat and maize.

The rise of ultra-processed foods is likely playing a major role in this change, as our latest research notes. Reducing our consumption and production of these foods offers a unique opportunity to improve our health and the environmental sustainability of the food system.

Livestock production contributes 18% of human-produced greenhouse gas emissions globally.

Impacts of the food system

Agriculture is a major driver of environmental change. It’s responsible for one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions and about 70 percent of freshwater use. It also uses 38 percent of global land and is the largest driver of biodiversity loss.

While research has highlighted how Western diets containing excessive calories and livestock products tend to have large environmental impacts, there are also environmental concerns linked to ultra-processed foods.

The impacts of these foods on human health are well described, but the effects on the environment have been given less consideration. This is surprising, considering ultra-processed foods are a dominant component of the food supply in high-income countries. Sales are rapidly rising in low and middle-income countries, too.

Our latest research, led by colleagues in Brazil, proposes that increasingly globalised diets high in ultra-processed foods come at the expense of the cultivation, manufacture and consumption of “traditional” foods.

Ultra-processed foods
If you can’t recreate it at home, it’s likely to be ultra-processed.

How to spot ultra-processed foods

Ultra-processed foods are a group of foods defined as “formulations of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes”.

They typically contain cosmetic additives and little or no whole foods. You can think of them as foods you would struggle to create in your own kitchen. Examples include confectionery, soft drinks, chips, pre-prepared meals and restaurant fast-food products.

In contrast with this are “traditional” foods – such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, preserved legumes, dairy and meat products. These are minimally processed, or made using traditional processing methods. Traditional processing, methods such as fermentation, canning and bottling are key to ensuring food safety and global food security. Ultra-processed foods, however, are processed beyond what is necessary for food safety.

Australians have particularly high rates of ultra-processed food consumption. These foods account for 39 percent of total energy intake among Australian adults. This is more than Belgium, Brazil, Columbia, Indonesia, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico and Spain. However, it’s less than the United States, where they account for 57.9 percent of adults’ dietary energy.

According to an analysis of the 2011-12 Australian Health Survey (the most recent national data available on this), the ultra-processed foods that contributed the most dietary energy for Australians aged two and above included ready-made meals, fast food, pastries, buns and cakes, breakfast cereals, fruit drinks, iced tea and confectionery.

Ultra-processed foods rely on a small number of crops
Monoculture farming (growing only one crop) degrades the soil, leaving less to grow with in future.

What are the environmental impacts?

Ultra-processed foods also rely on a small number of crop species. This places a burden on the environments in which these ingredients are grown. Maize, wheat, soy and oilseed crops (such as palm oil) are good examples. These crops are chosen by food manufacturers because they’re cheap to produce and high yielding, so can be produced in large volumes.

Also, animal-derived ingredients in ultra-processed foods are sourced from animals that rely on these same crops as feed.

The rise of convenient and cheap ultra-processed foods has replaced a wide variety of minimally processed whole foods including fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, meat and dairy. This has reduced both the quality of our diet and food supply diversity.

In Australia, the most frequently used ingredients in the 2019 packaged food and drink supply were sugar (40.7%), wheat flour (15.6%), vegetable oil (12.8%) and milk (11.0%).

Some ingredients used in ultra-processed foods – such as cocoa, sugar and some vegetable oils – are also strongly associated with biodiversity loss.

Ingredients used in ultra-processed foods could be rerouted to make healthier options
Using our food resources to produce more nutritious foods will benefit our health.

What can be done?

The environmental impact of ultra-processed foods is avoidable. Not only are these foods harmful; they’re also unnecessary for human nutrition. Diets high in ultra-processed foods are linked with poor health outcomes, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer and depression, among others.

To counter this, food production resources across the world could be re-routed into producing healthier, less processed foods. For example, globally, significant quantities of cereals such as wheat, maize and rice are milled into refined flours to produce refined breads, cakes, doughnuts and other bakery products.

These could be rerouted into producing more nutritious foods such as wholemeal bread or pasta. This would contribute to improving global food security and also provide more buffer against natural disasters and conflicts in major breadbasket areas.

Other environmental resources could be saved by avoiding the use of certain ingredients altogether. For instance, demand for palm oil (a common ingredient in ultra-processed foods, and associated with deforestation in Southeast Asia) could be significantly reduced through consumers shifting their preferences towards healthier foods.

Reducing your consumption of ultra-processed foods is one way by which you can reduce your environmental footprint, while also improving your health.

Ultra-processed foods: the choice is in your hands
The choice is in your hands.

This article was written by Kim Anastasiou, Research Dietitian (CSIRO), PhD Candidate, Deakin University; Mark Lawrence, Professor of Public Health Nutrition, Institute for Physical Activity & Nutrition, Deakin University; Michalis Hadjikakou, Lecturer in Environmental Sustainability, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Built Environment, Deakin University, and Phillip Baker, Research Fellow, Institute for Physical Activity & Nutrition, Deakin University, Deakin University.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. You can read the original article here.